which countries opposed the iraq war

Iraq is merely a stepping stone along the way. U.S. military officials met these trends with cautious optimism as they approached what they described as the "transition" embodied in the U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement, which was negotiated throughout 2008. An Iraqi National Assembly was elected in December, with participation from the Sunnis as well as the Kurds and Shia. [266][267][268][269], Iraqi voter turnout failed to meet the original expectations which were set and was the lowest on record in Iraq,[270] but U.S. Two examples are Under the Hood Café near Fort Hood and Coffee Strong near Joint Base Lewis–McChord. During the occupation, some opponents accused President Bush of being indifferent to the suffering caused by the invasion. "[117], There were serious legal questions surrounding the launching of the war against Iraq and the Bush Doctrine of preemptive war in general. So, a year or two later, during joint military exercises, there were some comments and remarks from the Americans questioning Japan's partnership and trust. Across the rest of Iraq it decreased slightly. The explosion at the mosque, one of the holiest sites in Shi'a Islam, is believed to have been caused by a bomb planted by al-Qaeda. [177][178], On 10 May 2007, 144 Iraqi Parliamentary lawmakers signed onto a legislative petition calling on the United States to set a timetable for withdrawal. The majority of deaths occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007. "[80] This legislation contrasted with the terms set out in United Nations Security Council Resolution 687, which focused on weapons and weapons programs and made no mention of regime change. Consistent with the anti-war sentiment of the protests, in the months leading up to the Iraq War, American public opinion heavily favored a diplomatic solution over immediate military intervention. Iraq War - Iraq War - Occupation and continued warfare: Following the collapse of the Baʿathist regime, Iraq’s major cities erupted in a wave of looting that was directed mostly at government offices and other public institutions, and there were severe outbreaks of violence—both common criminal violence and acts of reprisal against the former ruling clique. He has been accused of involvement in assassinations and fled to the Kurdish part of Iraq. By contrast, the United States granted asylum to more than 100,000 South Vietnamese refugees during the Vietnam War."[380][381][382]. Attacks on diplomats and diplomatic facilities including; the bombing of the UN headquarters in Baghdad in August 2003 killing the top UN representative in Iraq and 21 other UN staff members; The publicised killing of several contractors; A group of Iraqi Shia militia supporters broke into the compound of the US Embassy in Baghdad and set fire in the reception area. It's time we honor the members of Congress who voted in 2002 to prevent the Bush administration's hasty rush into an unprovoked attack and occupation of Iraq. The start of 2004 was marked by a relative lull in violence. [134] The U.S. 1st Marine Division fought through Nasiriyah in a battle to seize the major road junction. [423] Polls conducted between 2005 and 2007 showed 31–37% of Iraqis wanted U.S. and other Coalition forces to withdraw once security was restored and that 26–35% wanted immediate withdrawal instead. Gen. Ray Odierno stated that the new era "in no way signals the end of our commitment to the people of Iraq". Most significantly, Saddam Hussein himself was captured on 13 December 2003, on a farm near Tikrit in Operation Red Dawn. [222] The commander of the coalition, U.S. General Raymond T. Odierno, noted that "in military terms, transitions are the most dangerous time" in December 2008.[222]. [7] According to this position, adherence by the United States and the other great powers to the UN Charter and to other international treaties is a legal obligation; exercising military power in violation of the UN Charter undermines the rule of law and is illegal vigilantism on an international scale. These tensions further increased with an alleged border incursion on 23 August by Iranian troops who attacked several Kurdish villages killing an unknown number of civilians and militants. 's is urged by Key Democrat". Archbishop Renato Raffaele Martino, a former U.N. envoy and current prefect of the Council for Justice and Peace, told reporters that war against Iraq was a preventive war and constituted a "war of aggression", and thus did not constitute a just war. On 21 November 2007, Lieutenant General James Dubik, who is in charge of training Iraqi security forces, praised Iran for its "contribution to the reduction of violence" in Iraq by upholding its pledge to stop the flow of weapons, explosives and training of extremists in Iraq. "[4], Jim Wallis of Sojourners Magazine has argued that, among both evangelical Christians and Catholics, "most major church bodies around the world" opposed the war. A protester said that despite the approval of the Interim Security pact, the Iraqi people would break it in a referendum next year.[263]. On 1 May 2003, President Bush visited the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln operating a few miles west of San Diego, California. The foreign minister, Archbishop Jean-Louis Tauran, expressed concerns that a war in Iraq would inflame anti-Christian feelings in the Islamic world. [113] Nelson Mandela voiced his opposition in late January, stating "All that (Mr. Bush) wants is Iraqi oil," and questioning if Bush deliberately undermined the U.N. "because the secretary-general of the United Nations [was] a black man". [63][64] Some U.S. officials falsely accused Saddam of harbouring and supporting al-Qaeda. It was followed by a longer second phase in which a U.S.-led occupation of Iraq was opposed by an insurgency. [150] Bremer served until the CPA's dissolution in June 2004. "During the operation computers were seized with e-mails and messages to the two biggest terrorists, Osama bin Laden and [his deputy] Ayman al-Zawahiri", Maliki added. France especially opposed the war as they were convinced that Hussein had nothing to do with the 9/11 attacks. [419], In 2006 it was found that majorities in the UK and Canada believed that the war in Iraq was "unjustified" and – in the UK – were critical of their government's support of U.S. policies in Iraq. There was also criticism of Coalition policy by those who did not believe that military actions would help to fight terror, with some believing that it would actually help Al-Qaeda's recruitment efforts; others believed that the war and immediate post-war period would lead to a greatly increased risk that weapons of mass destruction would fall into the wrong hands (including Al-Qaeda). There has been a debate among those opposed to the U.S. invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq in developed countries about how to relate to forces within Iraq. [17] The next month, Gen. Hugh Shelton, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, agreed that war in Iraq would distract from the War on Terrorism. [132][133], The heavy armor of the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division moved westward and then northward through the western desert toward Baghdad, while the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force moved more easterly along Highway 1 through the center of the country, and 1 (UK) Armoured Division moved northward through the eastern marshland. Germany and France are to coordinate their opposition to war in Iraq, French president Jacques Chirac said today, as … [174], Saddam Hussein was hanged on 30 December 2006, after being found guilty of crimes against humanity by an Iraqi court after a year-long trial.[175]. He said they were sending a message that "if you are afraid of a veto in the Security Council, you can go outside and take action and violate the sovereignty of other countries"; a message which "must be condemned in the strongest terms."[70][71]. Some nations that were allies of the United States during the Gulf Warwere either opposed to the second Iraq War or were reluctant to help with it. The directionless Iraq War has killed over 4,100 U.S. soldiers, wounded or maimed more than 200,000 more, and delivered a devastating blow to our country's reputation and moral authority. ), who served as the Pentagon's top operations officer during the months leading up to the invasion, also published an article that month in Time Magazine entitled "Why Iraq Was a Mistake. After considerable debate, the UN Security Council adopted a compromise resolution, UN Security Council Resolution 1441, which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised "serious consequences" for non-compliance. "[72], The Vatican also spoke out against war in Iraq. President Donald Trump has revived one of his most significant false claims from the 2016 presidential election: his inaccurate insistence that he opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq. [33], In October 2007, Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez, former commander of coalition forces in Iraq, called the 2007 "surge" a "flawed strategy", and suggested that the political leadership in the US would have been court martialed for their actions, had they been military personnel. Further sanctions on Iranian organizations were also announced by the Bush administration in the autumn of 2007. An organized Sunni insurgency, with deep roots and both nationalist and Islamist motivations, was becoming more powerful throughout Iraq. According to reports from Iraq, hundreds of members of the Sunni Awakening Councils may have switched allegiance back to the Iraqi insurgency or al-Qaeda. He spoke out again on March 22, 2003, shortly after the invasion began, saying that violence and arms "can never resolve the problems of man."[73][74][75]. [65][66][67] UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan described the war as illegal, saying in a September 2004 interview that it was "not in conformity with the Security Council. "[86] President Bush spoke with Rumsfeld on 21 November and instructed him to conduct a confidential review of OPLAN 1003, the war plan for invading Iraq. Casualty figures, especially Iraqi ones, are highly disputed. The last U.S. combat brigades departed Iraq in the early morning of 19 August. More than 100 homes and shops were destroyed in the blasts. The February 15, 2003, worldwide protests drew millions of people across the world. He also said that if there was another UN resolution they won’t vote in favor of the attack. France's then-Foreign Minister, Dominique de Villepin received loud applause for his speech against the Iraq War at the United Nations on February 14, 2003. This war has cost more than 3,000 American lives, thousands of seriously wounded, and hundreds of billions of dollars. [67][68] The rationale of U.S. pre-war intelligence faced heavy criticism both domestically and internationally. At least 56 people died in April when a Sunni protest in Hawija was interrupted by a government-supported helicopter raid and a series of violent incidents occurred in May. Subsequently, their bodies were dragged from their vehicles by local people, beaten, set ablaze, and their burned corpses hung over a bridge crossing the Euphrates. Throughout the entire Iraq War, there have been human rights abuses on all sides of the conflict. [18], Retired Marine Gen. Anthony Zinni, former head of Central Command for U.S. forces in the Middle East and State Department's envoy to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, echoed many of Scowcroft's concerns in an October 2002 speech at the Middle East Institute. Regarding the treatment of Iraqi detainees in Abu Ghraib, Bingham said: "Particularly disturbing to proponents of the rule of law is the cynical lack of concern for international legality among some top officials in the Bush administration. ", Lessons on Political Violence from America's Post-9/11 Wars, A Bitter Legacy: Lessons of Debaathification in Iraq, International Center for Transitional Justice, Iraq, "Bleak Pentagon study admits 'civil war' in Iraq", Jargin SV. Deputy FCO Legal Adviser Elizabeth Wilmshurst resigned on 20 March 2003, three days after Lord Goldsmith's final advice[63] to the British government reversed her legal opinion (in Lord Goldsmith's first secret memo 10 days earlier[64]) that the invasion was illegal without a second United Nations Security Council Resolution to SCR 678. [257], Several groups of Iraqis protested the passing of the SOFA accord[258][259][260] as prolonging and legitimizing the occupation. Britain handed control of Basra to the United States Armed Forces.[279]. At the end of the year, the city remained a major flashpoint. However, public opinion had shifted by 2004 to a majority believing that the invasion was a mistake, and has remained so since then. On 8 September, the U.S. Army announced the arrival in Iraq of the first specifically-designated Advise and Assist Brigade, the 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment. [143] Coalition forces reported the death in combat of 139 U.S. military personnel[144] and 33 UK military personnel.[145]. The inspections were carried out by the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM). The complete text is available at the Embassy of France in the United States. Schmitt, Eric, David Sanger and Sheryl Gay Stolberg. In early June 2014 the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) took over the cities of Mosul and Tikrit and said it was ready to march on Baghdad, while Iraqi Kurdish forces took control of key military installations in the major oil city of Kirkuk. The U.S. force's munitions ran so low that orders to fix bayonets were given in preparation for hand-to-hand fighting. In the fall of 2007, the Turkish military stated their right to cross the Iraqi Kurdistan border in "hot pursuit" of PKK militants and began shelling Kurdish areas in Iraq and attacking PKK bases in the Mount Cudi region with aircraft. ", "Tomgram: Schwartz on Why the Military Is Failing in Iraq - TomDispatch", "Western occupiers are still the insurgency's main target. But there's … [30] The group included two generals who commanded troops in Iraq: Maj. Gen. Charles H. Swannack, Jr. Generally, however, very few opponents of the Iraq invasion publicly expressed doubt as to whether the Saddam Hussein regime possessed weapons of mass destruction. At the end of March, the Iraqi Army, with Coalition air support, launched an offensive, dubbed "Charge of the Knights", in Basra to secure the area from militias. [416] In a March 2003 YouGov poll, 54% of Britons supported the military action against Iraq. But it also provoked reactions, such as the mobilization in a number of countries, of men and women of Islam, which has made the world more dangerous." The new high in Iraq war opposition is also notable because it is the highest "mistake" percentage Gallup has ever measured for an active war involving the United States -- surpassing by two points the 61% who said the Vietnam War was a mistake in May 1971. This resolution is not a declaration of war, however, and that is an important point: this resolution transfers the Constitutionally-mandated Congressional authority to declare wars to the executive branch. "[184] On 13 September, Bush backed a limited withdrawal of troops from Iraq. (Ret.) [309] The vessels are used to protect the oil terminals at Basra and Khor al-Amiya. A "transitional force" of up to 50,000 troops tasked with training the Iraqi Security Forces, conducting counterterrorism operations, and providing general support may remain until the end of 2011, the president added. Widespread use of the incendiary munition. [209], More than half of the members of Iraq's parliament rejected the continuing occupation of their country for the first time. [88][89] The rationale for invading Iraq as a response to 9/11 has been widely questioned, as there was no cooperation between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda. [205][206][207] Investigative reporter Bob Woodward cites U.S. government sources according to which the U.S. "surge" was not the primary reason for the drop in violence in 2007–08. This resolution is not a declaration of war, however, and that is an important point: this resolution transfers the Constitutionally-mandated Congressional authority to declare wars to the executive branch. [5] Lieutenant General Gregory S. Newbold, openly critical of Rumsfeld's plans for the invasion of Iraq, resigned in protest prior to the invasion.[5]. however they did not try to get one as they knew it would not be authorized. [112] Meanwhile, anti-war groups across the world organized public protests. [139][256][261] Some Iraqis expressed skeptical optimism that the U.S. would completely end its presence by 2011. "[32], On September 12, 2007, two retired U.S. Army generals, Lt. Gen. Robert Gard and Brig. The Iraq War was the defining issue of the 2004 U.S. presidential campaign. [31] One of the generals, Lieut. [169], On 12 March, five United States Army soldiers of the 502nd Infantry Regiment raped the 15-year-old Iraqi girl Abeer Qassim Hamza al-Janabi, and then murdered her, her father, her mother Fakhriya Taha Muhasen and her six-year-old sister Hadeel Qassim Hamza al-Janabi. The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein.The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. [116], Germany's Foreign Secretary Joschka Fischer, although having been in favour of stationing German troops in Afghanistan, advised Federal Chancellor Schröder not to join the war in Iraq. The beginning of 2006 was marked by government creation talks, growing sectarian violence, and continuous anti-coalition attacks. On the day of the attacks, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld asked his aides for: "best info fast. In the nine-day-long operation, around 10,000 Turkish troops advanced up to 25 km into Northern Iraq. [60][61], The Bush administration based its rationale for the Iraq War principally on the assertion that Iraq possessed an active weapons of mass destruction (WMD) program,[62] and that the Iraqi government posed a threat to the United States and its coalition allies. best. [316], On 26 June 2011, a U.S. soldier was killed. –, This page was last edited on 10 March 2021, at 19:49. The invasion phase concluded when Tikrit, Saddam's home town, fell with little resistance to the U.S. Marines of Task Force Tripoli. But that support dropped off if the U.N. backing was not first obtained. [306] Two U.S.‑built offshore support vessels, each costing $70 million, were delivered in 2011. Intelligence on Saddam's whereabouts came from his family members and former bodyguards.[155]. The 46‑day battle resulted in a victory for the coalition, with 95 U.S. soldiers killed along with approximately 1,350 insurgents. Similar arguments were made in a May 2004 interview[28] and an August 2005 article by Lt. Gen. William Odom, former Director of the National Security Agency. Fourth, to collect such intelligence as we can relate to terrorist networks. "[370], In July 2019, Michael P. Mulroy, deputy assistant secretary of defense for the Middle East, told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that expenditure on U.S. troops in Iraq had gone down from $150 billion a year in 2008 to $15 billion in 2019. [54] An estimated 151,000 to 1,033,000 Iraqis were killed in the first three to four years of conflict. "Government forces have now taken over Islamic militants' headquarters and halted the death squads and 'vice enforcers' who attacked women, Christians, musicians, alcohol sellers and anyone suspected of collaborating with Westerners", according to the report; however, when asked how long it would take for lawlessness to resume if the Iraqi army left, one resident replied, "one day".[237]. [106] The vote was a key moment in the history of the Blair administration, as the number of government MPs who rebelled against the vote was the greatest since the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. [247] It established that U.S. combat forces would withdraw from Iraqi cities by 30 June 2009, and that all U.S. forces would be completely out of Iraq by 31 December 2011. Historically, the daily counts tallied by The New York Times have underestimated the total death toll by 50% or more when compared to studies by the United Nations, which rely upon figures from the Iraqi Health Ministry and morgue figures. By March 2008, violence in Iraq was reported curtailed by 40–80%, according to a Pentagon report. We destroyed a regime hated by our direct enemies, the jihadists, and created thousands of new recruits for them. The executive committee of the World Council of Churches, an organization representing churches with a combined membership of between 350 million and 450 million Christians from over 100 countries,[76] issued a statement in opposition to war with Iraq, stating that "War against Iraq would be immoral, unwise, and in breach of the principles of the United Nations Charter. These critics felt that the war would not help to reduce the threat of WMD proliferation, and that the real reason for the war was to secure control over the Iraqi oil fields at a time when US links with Saudi Arabia were seen to be at risk. Presence and the Future of Iraq", Iraqis Oppose Oil Development Plans, Poll Finds (6 August 2007), US under 50,000 – Iraqis 'down' on drawdown, "Iraq Part of Global War on Terrorism, Rumsfeld Says", "Occupation Made World Less Safe, Pro-War Institute Says", "Declassified Key Judgments of the National Intelligence Estimate "Trends in Global Terrorism: Implications for the United States, "Studies: Suicide bombers in Iraq are mostly foreigners", "Al-Maliki: Iraq won't be battleground for U.S., Iran", "Iran involvement suspected in Karbala compound attack", "Army's long-awaited Iraq war study finds Iran was the only winner in a conflict that holds many lessons for future wars", Butt, Ahsan. However, violence did increase during the Iraq Spring Fighting of 2004 with foreign fighters from around the Middle East as well as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, an al-Qaeda-linked group led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, helping to drive the insurgency.[158].

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