[26][27][15][28] In fact, the "siege" of Constantinople was a series of engagements around the city, which may even be stretched to include Yazid's 669 attack. At about the same time, the Muslim army in Asia Minor, under the command of Sufyan ibn 'Awf, was defeated by the Byzantine army under the generals Phloros, Petron and Cyprian, losing 30,000 men according to Theophanes. While the city was quickly recovered, the Arabs next attacked Carthage and Sicily in 669. [21] Finally, in autumn 677 or early 678 Constantine IV resolved to confront the Arab besiegers in a head-on engagement. According to Muslim tradition, Constantine IV threatened to destroy his tomb, but the Caliph warned that if he did so, the Christians under Muslim rule would suffer. 71–72; Treadgold (1997), p. 320, Lilie (1976), pp. According to Howard-Johnston, "The blockade of Constantinople in the 670s is a myth which has been allowed to mask the very real success achieved by the Byzantines in the last decade of Mu'awiya’s caliphate, first by sea off Lycia and then on land, through an insurgency which, before long, aroused deep anxiety among the Arabs, conscious as they were that they had merely coated the Middle East with their power". Then the Arabs departed and made fo… achieved some successes, but his ultimate goal was Constantinople. [34], Coordinates: 41°00′44″N 28°58′34″E / 41.01224°N 28.976018°E / 41.01224; 28.976018, Opening moves: the campaigns of 672 and 673, Arab attacks and related expeditions in 674–678, Kaegi (2008), pp. The first time was in the period of Hazrath Syedna Osman (Radhi Allahu Anhu). Translation: Aslam Abi Imran (ra) said: We went out on an expedition from Madina with the intent to attack Constantinople. The Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor reports that the Arabs remained before Chalcedon for a while before returning to Syria, and that on their way they captured and garrisoned Amorium. According to that Hadith it is stated that those Muslims who will form the first battalion to attack Constantinople … The first Arab siege of Constantinople in 674–678 was a major conflict of the Arab–Byzantine wars, and the first culmination of the Umayyad Caliphate's expansionist strategy towards the Byzantine Empire, led by Caliph Mu'awiya I. Mu'awiya, who had emerged in 661 as the ruler of the Muslim Arab empire following a civil war, renewed aggressive warfare against Byzantium after a lapse of some years and hoped to deliver a lethal blow by capturing the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. This was found in the peninsula of Cyzicus on the southern shore of the Sea of Marmara, where a raiding fleet under Fadhala ibn 'Ubayd wintered in 670 or 671. Their analyses have placed more emphasis on the Arabic and Syriac sources, but have drawn different conclusions about the dating and existence of the siege. 69–71; Treadgold (1997), p. 320, Lilie (1976), pp. Under the rule of his father Amir Muawiya. Yazid led several campaigns against the Byzantine Empire and in 670 participated in an attack on Constantinople. 369ff. As reported by the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor, the Arab attack was methodical: in 672–673 Arab fleets secured bases along the coasts of Asia Minor, and then proceeded to install a loose blockade around Constantinople. The saying was known to Muslim. For ... another led by Abu Ubaydah bin Jarrah and Yazid b. Abi Sufyan went to Syria. As for Yazid, his army, by unanimous agreement of the scholars, first went to Constantinople in 52 A.H. Abd al-Rahman bin Khalid bin Walid was the leader of our group. [16], The campaign of 669 clearly demonstrated to the Arabs the possibility of a direct strike at Constantinople, as well as the necessity of having a supply base in the region. 187–188; Lilie (1976), pp. In contrast to Yazid's expedition, Mu'awiya intended to take a coastal route to Constantinople. Mu'awiya and Uthman belonged to the wealthy Umayyad clan of the Quraysh tribe, a grouping of Meccan clans to which the Islamic prophet Muhammad and all the preceding caliphs belonged. It was used for the first time during the first Arab siege of Constantinople, in 677 or 678. … Immense resources were poured into the undertaking, including the creation of a huge fleet. There were many attacks on Constantinople (Qustuntunia) performed by others, before Yazid bin Muawiya joined the army as a soldier or a leader whatever he was. The Byzantine Empire ended up winning the first battle, yet they had good strategies. Siege of Constantinople (674–678) is similar to these military conflicts: Arab–Byzantine wars, Siege of Constantinople (717–718), Index of Byzantine Empire-related articles and more. Finally, the Byzantines, under Emperor Constantine IV, managed to destroy the Arab navy using a new invention, the liquid incendiary substance known as Greek fire. Yazid reached as far as Chalcedon and took the important Byzantine center Amorion. No , he did not . 244. [4][5][6] Following the murder of Caliph Uthman and the outbreak of the First Muslim Civil War, Arab attacks against Byzantium stopped. Imam At-Tabri says in his Tarikh Arab troops under Fadhala ibn 'Ubayd arrived too late to assist Saborios, who had died after falling from his horse, and they spent the winter in the Hexapolis around Melitene awaiting reinforcements. Yazid participated in the attack of 52 A.H. Imam Badruddin 'Aini, noted Commentator of Sahih Bukhari, preferred this opinion and said that this opinion is to be preferred that Yazid participated in the 52 A.H.attack of Constantinople.Umdatul Qari, Vol 10, Kitab ul Jihad, Pg No. 179) (This was first naval Attack … 89–107. Army was made ready to attack Constantinople under the command of Amir Yazid bin Muawiya. His fleet, equipped with Greek fire, routed the Arab fleet. This can be reconciled either by including the opening campaigns of 672–673, or by counting the years until the final withdrawal of the Arab troops from their forward bases, in 680. He also prophesied the first assault on Constantinople. 76–77; Treadgold (1997), p. 32, Haldon (1990), p. 64; Lilie (1976), pp. Yazid’s kunya, Abu Khalid, refers to one of his own younger sons, Khalid b. Yazid. 99–107; Treadgold (1997), pp. The peace treaty, of a nominal 30-year duration, provided that the Caliph would pay an annual tribute of 3,000 nomismata, 50 horses and 50 slaves. Several important personalities of early Islam are mentioned as taking part, such as Ibn Abbas, Ibn Umar and Ibn al-Zubayr. ; Lilie (1976), pp. [48][49] The peace lasted until Constantine IV's son and successor, Justinian II (r. 685–695, 705–711), broke it in 693, with devastating consequences: the Byzantines were defeated, Justinian was deposed and a twenty-year period of anarchy followed. The war lasted four years and was a tough battle for both sides. Hadhrat Mu'awiyah (R.A.) sent Yazid in 55A.H. The Byzantines attempted to obstruct the Arab plans with a naval attack on Egypt, but it was unsuccessful. According to Muslim tradition, Constantine IV threatened to destroy his tomb, but the Caliph warned that if he did so, the Christians under his rule would suffer. Had it fallen, the Empire's remaining provinces would have been unlikely to hold together, and would have become easy prey for the Arabs. It is probable that the death of admiral Yazid ibn Shagara, reported by Arab chroniclers for 677/678, is related to this defeat. 2 Hadith # 2512, Albani declared it Sahih … Therefore, the Syrian fabricator of this Hadith was Jahil and didn’t know the history that Muslims had already attack Constantinople 7 times before Yazid was forcefully sent there. Lilie, Ralph-Johannes (1976) (in German). The Arab attacks on Chalcedon were repelled, and the Arab army was decimated by famine and disease. This left the field open for the warriors of the nascent Rashidun Caliphate to complete their conquest of Syria, with Egypt too falling shortly after. [Sunnan Abu Dawud, Volume No. Siege of Constantinople (674–78): | | | | | | First Arab Sie... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. Mu'awiya dispatched another army, led by his son (and future Caliph) Yazid, to Fadala's aid. Yazid and Mohammed's prophesy In the chapter, Qital e Rome of Sahih Muslim, Muhammad said that the first army who will attack Constantinople will enter in Paradise. Several important personalities of early Islam are mentioned as taking part, such as Ibn Abbas, Ibn Umar and Ibn al-Zubayr. Theodosius' poem commemorates a decisive naval victory before the walls of the city—with the interesting detail that the Arab fleet too possessed fire-throwing ships—and makes a reference to "the fear of their returning shadows", which may be interpreted as confirming the recurring Arab attacks each spring from their base in Cyzicus. Yazid I : biography 645 – 683 Historical evaluation Some scholars regard Yazid as a just, noble, religious and administratively efficient ruler and that his nomination by his father Muawiya as Caliph was proper. [14], The Golden Gate of the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople, In 674, the Arab fleet sailed from its bases in the eastern Aegean and entered the Sea of Marmara. 64–68; Treadgold (1997), pp. In 324 the ancient city of Byzantium became the new capital … [8][9] From the next year, Muslim attacks recommenced, with pressure mounting as Muslim armies began wintering on Byzantine soil west of the Taurus range, maximizing the disruption caused to the Byzantine economy. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Sources give various dates for this between 49 AH (669–70 CE) and 55 AH (674–5 CE). As reported by the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor, the Arab attack was methodical: in 672–673 Arab fleets secured bases along the coasts of Asia Minor, and then proceeded to install a loose blockade around Constantinople. Then the Arabs departed and made for Cyzicus, which they captured and converted into a fortified camp to spend the winter. It became a tradition that Ottoman sultans were girt with the Sword of Osman at the Eyüp mosque upon their accession. [19] It is only known that Abdallah ibn Qays and Fadhala ibn 'Ubayd raided Crete and wintered there in 675, while in the same year Malik ibn Abdallah led a raid into Asia Minor. “The Bay'at of yazid is Shar'iah (legtimate/righteous) ... We went out on an expedition from Madina with the intent to attack Constantinople. In 47, next attack was led by Maalik ben Hobaira and Abdurehman ben Qaiymi. 4 Book of Jihad Hadith 2924 although volume 4 … [8] Nomination as caliph Stratos, Andreas N. (1983). It mentions how Constantine IV had ships driven (probably on wheels) across the Thracian Chersonese from the Aegean to the Sea of Marmara, a major undertaking for imperial navy ships and one which only makes sense if the Dardanelles was blocked by the Arabs at Cyzicus. Arab Attack on Constantinople. A W. F. Ryan) 302–303, 492–495; Stratos (1983), pp. Abd al-Rahman bin Khalid bin Walid was the leader of our group. Muslim incursions intensified, leading to a second and last Arab attempt at conquering Constantinople in 717–718. The Arab attacks on Chalcedon were repelled, and the Arab army was decimated by famine and disease. [62][63][64], Constantin Zuckerman believes that an obscure passage in Cosmas of Jerusalem's commentary on Gregory of Nazianzus, written in the early eighth century, can only refer to the Arab blockade of Constantinople. 90–91, Lilie (1976), pp. Byzantium) was besieged by the Da shi (大食, i.e. 330–332, Kaegi (2008), pp. 70–71; El-Cheikh (2004), p. 62, Canard (1926), pp. Yazid led several military campaigns against the Byzantine Empire, and also opened an attack on Constantinople in 670. 78–79; Mango & Scott (1997), p. 494, Lilie (1976), pp. This was followed by the landing of Byzantine forces in Syria in 677/678, which began the Mardaite uprising that threatened the Caliphate's grip on Syria enough to result in the peace agreement of 678/679. He also prophesied the first assault on Constantinople. This left the field open for the warriors of the nascent Rashidun Caliphate to complete their conquest of Syria, with Egypt too falling shortly after. He ruled for three years from 680 until his death in 683. In 54/674, they besieged Constantinople for the second time. As for Yazid, his army, by unanimous agreement of the scholars, first went to Constantinople in 52 A.H. Hadith of Constantinople. 81–82; Treadgold (1997), p. 327, Lilie (1976), p. 83; Treadgold (1997), pp. Abd al-Rahman bin Khalid bin Walid was the leader of our group. 303–307, 310, 312–313, Kaegi (2008), p. 372; Lilie (1976), pp. ... Constantine IV who led the Byzantine Empire and Yazid who led the Arabs. [19] The undertaking followed a careful, phased approach: first the Muslims had to secure strongpoints and bases along the coast, and then, with Cyzicus as a base, Constantinople would be blockaded by land and sea and cut off from the agrarian hinterland that supplied its food. Just better. The Byzantines, aided by a new incendiary weapon known as Greek fire, defeated the Muslims. Yazid reached Chalcedon and took the important Byzantine center Amorion. [65], Based on a re-evaluation of the original sources used by the medieval historians, the Oxford scholar James Howard-Johnston, in his 2010 book Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century, rejects the traditional interpretation of events, based on Theophanes, in favour of the Syriac chroniclers' version. "- Tareekh kamil Vol III, Page 231- events of Hijri 49. The Arab historians Ibn Wadih and al-Tabari report that Yazid was dispatched by Mu'awiya with reinforcements to Constantinople in 676, and record that Abdallah ibn Qays led a campaign in 677, whose target is unknown.

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